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内容摘要

Evolution of Principal Contradiction Facing Chinese Society and the CPC Leadership over Economic Work

Shi Dan (史丹)

Institute of Industrial Economics (IIE), Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), Beijing, China

Abstract Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has separated China’s evolving principal social contradictions into four different stages. Based on the asses *** ent of principal social contradictions at different points in time, the CPC enacted different economic policies. During 1949-1956, based on the recognition of class struggle as China’s principal social contradiction, the Party focused its economic policies on socialist transformation and established the foundation for the public sector of the economy. During 1956-1978, amid flip-flops in the Party’s asses *** ent of whether class struggle or backward productive forces were the principal contradiction,China’s economic development suffered some setbacks, but the vision for building an industrial country remained unchanged, and resources were focused on developing major national industrial projects. During 1978-2019, the Party focused on economic development and reform and opening up in pursuit of the realization of grand economic development goals based on the asses *** ent that China’s principal social contradiction was between people’s ever-growing material and cultural needs and China’s relatively backward social productive forces. In 2017, the 19th CPC National Congress made the important political asses *** ent that China’s principal social contradiction had transformed into the contradiction between people’s ever-growing need for a better life and China’s unbalanced and inadequate development, and proposed new development concepts to lead the Chinese people on a new journey towards the second centennial goal. The most important experience of the CPC’s economic work is *** yzing and solving problems based on Marxist ideology and methodology.

Keywords Centenary of the CPC’s founding, principal contradiction, economic development, success factors

China’s Economic Diplomacy: Concept,Organization, Implementation Mechani *** s and the BRI

Li Xiangyang (李向阳)

National Institute of International Strategy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (NIIS CASS), Beijing, China

Abstract Based on the existing research regarding China’s economic diplomacy, this study creates a theoretical structure for economic diplomacy with Chinese characteristics that encompasses soft power, the two competitive concepts of justified ought and self interests, and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). By introducing soft power, this paper argues that the goal of economic diplomacy with Chinese characteristics for the new era is to achieve the conversion of hard power to soft power. Unlike the “carrot and stick”principle often followed by Western powers in their economic diplomacy with political strings attached, the conversion between hard power and soft power in China’s economic diplomacy hinges upon the two competitive concepts of justified ought and self interests,which is the basic principle that guides China’s economic diplomacy overall. We argue that in creating an implementation mechani *** for China’s economic diplomacy, policymaker *** ust consider China’s unique national condition as a large economy not yet rich in per capita terms, while drawing upon the experiences of other major nations.

Keywords Chinese economic diplomacy, soft power, the greater good, national selfinterest,the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

The CPC’s Century-Long Exploration of a Socialist Ownership System

Fang Fuqian (方福前)

School of Economics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China

Abstract Throughout its century-long history, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has been striving to explore and implement an ownership system of the means of production.Upon its founding in 1921, the Party envisioned to create a sole ownership system after the victory of the National Revolution. In war times, land issues dominated the agenda of the Party’s work on the ownership structure since most of its bases and liberated areas were in the countryside. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, China established a basic socialist economic system through “one industrialization and three transformations,” i.e. socialist industrialization and the transformations of agriculture,artis *** production, and capitalist industry and commerce. This nascent socialist economic system was characterized by the sole public ownership of the means of production and a highly centralized planned economy. Since the reform and opening up in 1978, the Party took bold steps to explore and reform the socialist ownership system under the principle to keep public ownership as the mainstay and allow diverse forms of ownership to develop side by side. In the new era, the Party has redefined China’s basic socialist economic system by creating a mixed ownership structure at two levels with public ownership as the mainstay.China’s increasing economic vitality and dynami *** have witnessed the exploration and growth of this mixed ownership system.

Keywords Ownership structure, sole public ownership, mixed ownership, exploration,implementation

Economic Effects of China’s Import Expansion Strategy

Li Chunding (李春顶)^{1, Lang Yongfeng (郎永峰)2 and He Chuantian (何传添)3}

^{1School of Economic Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China}

^{2School of Economics, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China}

^{3Research Center for International Trade and Economics, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China}

Abstract Since 2018, China has enacted a string of policy initiatives to increase imports. To quantify this import expansion strategy’s economic effects, we created a large numerical general equilibrium model and quantitatively simulated the economic effects of the reductions of tariff and non-tariff barriers on China and other economies. Our simulation results show that overall, China’s import expansion strategy benefited both itself and others and contributed to employment, welfare, and trade growth in China and the rest of the world. In relative terms, however, China’s import expansion strategy benefited other countries more than it did itself and contributed more to the growth of the world economy.Additionally, the import expansion strategy may effectively promote China’s trade balance,and the trade equilibrium effect driven by the reduction of non-tariff barriers is more significant than that of tariff barriers. Furthermore, regarding the self-benefiting effects of import expansion, the effects of nontariff measures are significantly greater than those of tariff measures, and this result has policy implications for China’s import expansion strategy going forward.

Keywords Import expansion strategy, economic effects, general equilibrium simulation

Upgrade of Transportation Infrastructure and Siting of Polluting Enterprises:The Case of High-Speed Railway Launch in China

Cai Hongbo (蔡宏波)^{1, Zhong Chao (钟 超)1,2 and Han Jinrong (韩金镕)1}

^{1 Business School, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China}

^{2 Institute of European Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China}

Abstract With the quasi-natural experiment of the launching of high-speed railways in Chinese cities, this paper empirically investigated the effects of the upgrade of the transportation infrastructure on the site selection of polluting enterprises. We found that although the launching of a high-speed railway generally has a negative impact on the siting of polluting enterprises: (i) While there was a significant decrease in polluting enterprises of a private and other nature, the reduction in overseas-funded and state-owned enterprises was insignificant; (ii) while the launching of a high-speed railway greatly restrained the entry of polluting enterprises in the eastern region, large cities and more developed cities,this was followed by the movement of more polluting enterprises to the central and western regions, *** all and medium-sized cities and less developed cities; (iii) there was a significant decrease in polluting enterprises in environmentally conscious cities after the launching of a high-speed railway. This paper also found that infrastructure upgrade may influence the siting of polluting enterprises through the following: Environmental cleanness, factor concentration and spatial integration. Government authorities and market entities should be fully aware of and attach great importance to how the transportation infrastructure influences the site selection of businesses, as this is of great significance for China’s regional development planning, local business climate and investment planning, environmental protection, and other related policymaking initiatives.

Keywords Transportation infrastructure, high-speed railway, polluting enterprises, site selection

China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Developing Countries

Pan Chunyang (潘春阳) and Wu Qingshan (吴青山)

School of Business, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai, China

Abstract The implementation of China’s open development strategy has unveiled a wave of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by Chinese companies, with global implications. Based on panel data from 146 developing countries from 2003 to 2017, we investigate the growth effects of China’s OFDI. We find that China’s OFDI has promoted significant economic growth in developing countries. Not only could China’s OFDI increase GDP per capita of a country in a short time but raise the country’s long-run equilibrium value as well. In addition, the growth effects of China’s OFDI were more significant for countries with weak governance, rich resource, and modest human capital, and were above the average level for Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries, African countries, and in the post-crisis era. Our research helps unravel the global significance of Chinese companies investing overseas and contributes to research on the growth effects of direct investment between developing countries.

Keywords Outward foreign direct investment (OFDI), developing countries, economic growth, China